Essay about The Motion Picture Code of the Great Depression

The Motion Picture Code of the Great Depression During the times of the Great Depression, film was viewed as a valuable importance to people. Film during this time of distress contributed to the maintenance of the national morale of America. During this time Hollywood played a valuable part, getting over eighty million Americans to attend theaters, but soon it would become a lot harder as America continued living in the Great Depression. Everyone in America, even the most troubling of poverty families attended movies. With a movie to watch, Americans sought refuge in a fantasy world. Films during this time were a perfect distraction. Not only for audiences but also for the artist creating their work. It was extremely†¦show more content†¦Will Rogers, another famous comedic director, known for his political satire was a huge hit amongst audiences. Films such as Judge Priest, where he played a rustic politician, was a fan favorite amongst crowds. Mafia films were the type of films Hollywood continued to produce at this time. Gangster characters were characters that American citizens could compare themselves too. There was a hint of patriotism in every Gangster film that thrilled audiences. The passion to take away from the rich and give to the poor. Movies such as Little Ćeaser, Scarface and Public Enemy were all classic hits that made stars out of actors like Edward G. Robinson, James Cagney and Paul Muni. Although gangster films were a hit with the mainstream audiences, it wasnt with the Protestant and Catholic religious groups. This sparked the beginning of the new movie code, that would be introduced. In 1934 with the Movie Industry still plummeting, the Motion Picture Production code was put into action. The Code was founded in 1930 and was made to censor films and create guidelines for production studios to adhere to. The code was never carried out until 1934, when the Production Code Administration was founded. They required all films and even scripts, be pre approved before going to theaters. This was done under the administration of Joseph Breen, who took over for the Hays office after 1934. WillShow MoreRelatedBlock Booking System, Admission Price Discrimination, And The Formation Of Clearance And Zoning Boards1142 Words   |  5 Pages The Code established trade practices consisting of the block-booking system, admission price discrimination, and the formation of clearance and zoning boards. Block booking was a practice in which motion picture companies would sell their movies in ‘blocks’ in a package deal to the exhibitors. 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Thus, it was the societal changes that emerged in light of Prohibition and later during the Great Depression that would most significantly shape the development and evolution of the gangster films in the United States duringRead MoreBullying And Cyberbullying933 Words   |  4 Pagesincrease in socializing through social media, there has also been an increase in cyberbullying, and cyberbullying, like regular bullying, leads to an increase in depression and suicide. According to the website called No Bullying, cyberbullying consists of â€Å"posting negative comments on pictures, posting abusive posts on a user’s wall, using pictures or videos to make fun of another user, using social media to stalk, and hacking an account or fraudulently making posts as though another wrote them.† (SocialRead More Themes in the Novel and Movie Adaptation of James Cain’s Mildred Pierce1573 Words   |  7 Pagesoriginal in an effort to boost movie attendance. After all, sex and violence sell. 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Evidently, the early gangster movies in the 1930s depicted the essence of having a law enforcement system. Furthermore, it painted a picture that was admired by most members of the society due to its associated wealth during the great economic depression. From the early 1920s, the HollywoodRead MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 Pagesbook to describe and analyse the complete development, classic operation, and reinvention of the global corporate entities which produce and distribute most of the films we watch. Starting in 1920, Adolph Zukor, head of Paramount Pictures, over the decade of the 1920s helped to fashion Hollywood into a vertically integrated system, a set of economic innovations which was firmly in place by 1930. For the next three decades, the movie industry in the United States andRead MoreThe Imitation Game ( 2014 ) Directed By Morten Tyldum1130 Words   |  5 PagesTuring’s formative time in school, his vital work during World War II, and his troubling time after he was persecuted for his sexual orientation. Though the film focuses on Turing’s groundbreaking and often considered crucial work on the German enigma code, it reveals that the British government and society, during that time, treated homosexuals harshly. This indirect narrative in the film highlights the personal consequences of the treatment of homosexuals was used as a tool to further the cause of

The Social Milieu Within The Rural Context - 822 Words

This class allowed me to explore the current social milieu within the rural context. As such I have experienced a new appreciation for rural life and the systematic shifts that have taken place over the past decade such as globalization, market shifts, agricultural practices, advancements in education, and social norms that has and is drastically disrupting fundamental institutions of support and identity for rural life. One among the many of these institutions is the church as it maintains an essential role in rural life as it gives meaning and identity to such communities. Out of the contexts posed in the prompt, I believe that I would be best equipped to serve in an urban or suburban context because I have lived and dwelt the greater part of my young adult life in these areas. As a sociology major in undergrad I studied the urban poor and encountered how current social structures disproportionately impact the least among us in negatively and often harshly. Moreover, by living and working, within the urban milieu I was able to apply the Durkheimian and Marxist traditions, power-conflict perspectives, and organizational theories that brought to light the social theory that I was studying. It was at that time through my mentor Dr. Aaron Porter where I learned to break down the social makeup of urban life as a means to critically engage new theoretical and policy approaches to resolve institutional breakdowns. It was also during this time where I began working andShow MoreRelatedWomen Empowerment And Education : A Global Issue1548 Words   |  7 Pagesem powerment. India presently account for the largest number no of illiterates in the world. Literacy rate in India have risen sharply from 18.3% in 1951 to 74.04% in 2011 in which enrolment of women in education have also risen sharply 7% to 65.46%. 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(Indo-Anglian is a specific term in the sole context of writing that should not be confused with the term Anglo-Indian). As a category, this production comes under the broader realm of postcolonial literature- the production from previously colonised countries such as India. A much over-looked categoryRead MoreA Critical Review of Radical Pathways: Understanding Muslim Radicalization in Indonesia2906 Words   |  12 Pagesthis attack, as well as follow up attacks by JI in 2003 and 2005, Ramakrishna defines his intent to unearth geopolitical, cultural, political, historical, psychological, and ideological forces that led to the radical pathways of men from the simple, rural hinterlands of Java- such as suicide bomber Arnasan- to the inferno that decimated Bali (Ramakrishna x-xii, 1-5). The narrative serves to present a thesis concerning the persistent threat of the JI network. 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Constitutional Law and European Integration Free Essays

There are few cases that rival Factortame in being concurrently substantively clear and decisive, and perplexing as to its full impact. The scope of the change to the UK constitution that has been instigated by it and other European Court of Justice decisions has been conceptualised as ranging from a ‘legal evolution’ to ‘revolution’. Although some theories are more convincing than others, each faces its own weaknesses. We will write a custom essay sample on Constitutional Law and European Integration or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, notwithstanding the conclusion of this particular speculative debate, the processes of European integration has undoubtedly quickened the pace at which UK Parliament and courts as part of a globalised world have had to squarely confront these constitutional changes, especially the departure from Parliament’s stronghold over the constitution. A Diceyan view of the UK constitution is no longer compatible with the current relationship between UK and EU law. It was decided in Factortame and confirmed in Equal Opportunities Commission, that the implications of the European Communities Act 1972 s. 2(4) is that EU law has supremacy in the case of clashes between EU and national laws. Within the orthodox view that Parliament is absolutely sovereign, inconsistencies between Acts of Parliament are to be dealt with by applying the doctrine of explicit or implied repeal to give effect to the later Act which is simply another illustration of how no Parliament can bind its successors. It would never have been open to national courts to declare provisions within primary statute incompatible with EC law either temporarily or permanently as it is today. However, so long as UK remains a part of the EU, EU law will prevail when inconsistencies arise and any derogation from this position will have to be done expressly and unequivocally. Therefore, even if the current position of Parliamentary sovereignty cannot clearly be defined, Factortame and EOC alone emphasise the unworkability of a Diceyan view of Parliamentary sovereignty in an European context. A radical but yet convincing argument that conceptualises the constitutional implications suggests that, EU law is able to place a substantive limit on Parliament’s law making authority on overlapping areas because being a member state has partially changed the rule of recognition of Parliamentary sovereignty. Although this necessitates presupposing Parliamentary sovereignty is a legal principle, not a purely political one, it seems justified because instead of accepting Parliament to be sovereign merely by its existence, it allows for a justification based on normative rguments. This is important considering that the UK is a modern democracy and intrinsically different to the state it was in when the doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty was originally developed. Being a legal phenomenon, the scope of Parliamentary sovereignty evolves through the judgments of the court which provides a more balanced and legitimate decision than considering just a political aspect because the political realities are still considered but are weighted against other principles such as the rule of obedience to statutes. Furthermore, courts are gradually developing the idea that the authority of Parliament to make law is something that is subject to, and therefore controllable by constitutional law. For example, in the domestic case of Anisminic, the scope of Parliament’s authority to confer on public authorities powers which are not subject to judicial review was sharply limited. Thus, the effect of ECJ decisions on the constitution has been to develop it to a stage where Parliament is no longer sovereign at times when, and only when, inconsistencies between EU and national law occur within a field where both laws operate. On the other hand, Sir William Wade would argue that ‘constitutional revolution’ rather than a mere evolution has resulted. However, this argument is not only at odds with Lord Bridge’s judgement but lacks plausibility in itself. He explains that the courts have acted unconstitutionally and shifted their allegiance because Parliamentary sovereignty being a ‘rule of recognition’and a solely political norm, is a constitutional fixture which may only be ‘diminished’ as a matter of practical politics. There is a real difficulty in accepting this because it would suggest judicial whim may reverse a commitment that was reached democratic consensus among all branches of government and wider society through public referendum. This formidable weakness of Sir William Wade’s argument supports viewing Parliamentary sovereignty as, at least partly, a legal concept. Although the theory that it is possible for the EU to place substantive limits to Parliamentary sovereignty accommodates the ‘voluntary’ contractual argument and ‘functional requirement of EU’ arguments that Lord Bridge presents, it is not without limitations either. It fits well with Lord Bridge’s alternative reasonings because they suggest that Parliament does have the power to limit its own powers and that the present conflict should be tackled on principled bases. This is important because legal phenomenon arise out of case law and albeit sparse, his judgment was the only one to address the topic. However, the persuasiveness of this argument is reduced by the fact that it simply leads us to another equally difficult question of what legal means set the width of its powers. The judges themselves seem to be in disagreement amongst each other about this as Lord Hope says ‘measures enacted by Parliament’ itself whereas Laws LJ says the unwritten constitution as interpreted by the judges which seems legitimate but in practical terms, leaves everything just as uncertain. So far only the implications of ECJ case law has been discussed but there are other elements to European integration such as the doctrine of direct effect and the European Union Act 2011 which have affected the development of the UK constitution. These developments suggest that the â€Å"new view† is the most plausible representation of Parliamentary sovereignty today because referendum locks and the possibility for individuals to present a case in national courts on law derived from sources other than Parliament present limitations on Parliamentary sovereignty but not in the substantive sense discussed above. Proponents of the â€Å"new view† view that ultimate sovereignty remains with Parliament but it may have to conform to certain manner and form limitations. The appealing factor of this model is that it also accommodates for the limitations that Human Rights Act proposes on Parliamentary legal authority as well. Yet it is problematic in that the EU has explicitly stated in s2 of the ECA that on at least an EU level, Union law is regarded as supreme and this theory fails to encompass this dimension of the relationship between domestic and EU law. Most importantly, it accentuates how the increasingly multi-layered nature of the constitution must be taken into account in the broader debate. The holding of a point of absolute power faces pressure from outside as well as inside the nation. When the broader question of whether we should be edging away from political and towards a more legal constitution is considered in light of the multi-tiered constitutionalism arising from the Parliamentary Acts of 1911 1949, Human Rights Act, Devolution as well as EU membership, it would seem that to maintain a wholly political view of Parliamentary sovereignty in any context would be to deny reality. However, anything more exact requires us to assess what balance between adaptability and elasticity from maintaining a political constitution, and protected rights and principles from a legal constitution will provide the checks and balances necessary in dealing with the legal and political challenges of today. Due to declining public reputation of Parliament and diminishing respect for political process generally, as well as the aim of Parliamentary sovereignty having originally been to secure the broadest possible basis for ensuring democracy and legitimacy, we may not have to be so uneasy about adopting a more legal constitution. The UK constitution must embrace the emphasis it has always placed on a dynamic experience and once again, like with the case of devolution, make a smooth transition before political repercussions manifest themselves. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. R v Secretary of State for Transport ex parte Factortame Ltd [1990] ECR I-2433 [ 2 ]. Paul Craig, ‘Britain in the European Union’ in The Changing Constitution (7th ed, 2011) pg120 [ 3 ]. HWR Wade, ‘Sovereignty- Revolution or Evolution? ’ [1996] 112 LQR 568 [ 4 ]. R v Secretary of State for Employment ex parte Equal Opportunities Commission [1995] 1 AC 1 [ 5 ]. HWR Wade, ‘The Basis of Legal Sovereignty’ [1955] CLJ 174 [ 6 ]. Paul Craig, pg121 [ 7 ]. 17th century –Glorious Revolution, Bill of Rights [ 8 ]. TRS Allan, ‘Parliamentary Sovereignty: Law, Politics, and Revolution’ [1997] 113 LQR 447 [ 9 ]. Mark Elliott and Robert Thomas, ‘Public Law’ (2011, Oxford) pg334 [ 10 ]. Anisminic v Foreign Compensation Commission [1969] 2 AC 147 [ 11 ]. Wade, ‘Sovereignty- Revolution or Evolution? ’ [ 12 ]. HLA Hart, ‘The Concept of Law’ (1996, Claredon Press) [ 13 ]. Wade, ‘Sovereignty- Revolution or Evolution? ’ [ 14 ]. UK European Communities membership referendum 1975 [ 15 ]. Lord Bridge in Factortame [ 16 ]. Paul Craig ‘Britain in the European Union’ in Jowell and Oliver (eds) TheChanging Constitution (7th edn, Oxford, 2007) pg 121 [ 17 ]. Jackson v Attorney-General [2005] UKHL 56 [ 18 ]. Thoburn v Sunderland City Council [2002] EWHC 195 [ 19 ]. Sir I. Jennings, The Law and the Constitution (1959) ch. 4 [ 20 ]. Jonathan Sumption ‘Judicial and Political Decision-making: The Uncertain Boundary’ [2011] Judicial Review 301 How to cite Constitutional Law and European Integration, Essay examples

Bank Inquiry Focuses On Banned Financial - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Bank Inquiry Focuses On Banned Financial. Answer: Introduction Strategic management involves setting objectives, analyzing the internal organization and competitive environment within an organization. The organization that has been selected for the strategic management is Westpac Banking Corporation. The company is commonly known as Westpac in Australia as the corporation who works as Australian bank and financial services provider and company is having the headquarters in Westpac Place, Sydney (Westpac Banking Corporation, 2018). The report reflects the strategies that help the company in achieving the growth and development. Moreover, it includes the criticisms of the business practices that are pursued by the company over the years. The environmental analysis of the organization is discussed in a report as the external factors might create the impact on the decision related to the strategies. Overview of company Westpac is Australias first and oldest bank that came into existence in the year 1817 as the bank of New South Wales under a charter of incorporation provided by Governor Lachlan Macquarie. In the year 1982, the name of the bank changed to the Westpac banking corporation. The company has 5 customer facing divisions that are serving around 13 million customers. The operating strategy aligns the business with the customer segments. The company retains a unique portfolio of brands which include Westpac, St. George, Bank of Melbourne, BankSA and RAMS (Westpac Banking Corporation, 2018). Strategy and vision Mission- The mission of the company is to meet the customer needs and leads to the customer satisfaction which helps in achieving the vision of company (Westpac Banking Corporation, 2018). Vision- Westpac vision is to be one of the worlds great service companies that provide the help to the communities, customers and the people to grow and prosper (Westpac Banking Corporation, 2018). Past strategy The strategy of the company was to provide superior returns to shareholders, to form enduring and strong relationship with the customers, to be a leader in the community and to make a place where the best people like to work. The company strategy helped the company in achieving the vision of the company. The company is focused on core markets of the Australia and New Zealand where the company provides a comprehensive range of financial products and services that help the company in fulfilling the needs of the customers. The implementation of strategy seeks to grow a number of customers in the selected segments. The company is trying to maintain the flexibility in their strategies to meet the expectations of the customers (Westpac Banking Corporation, 2018). Current strategy To meet the challenges in the present market the company brings the changes in the strategies. Westpac believes in keeping the strategy on the priority and according to the current market the company refresh and review the strategies each and every year. The company tries to manage these strategies in a balanced way with an appropriate mix of return, growth, productivity, and risk. Currently, the company is focusing on improving the financial position that creating an impact on the company. The better financial position will help the company in achieving the growth and development (Westpac Banking Corporation, 2018). Criticism of business practice The business practice of Westpac banking corporation is to provide the financial services brands and businesses to the customers and the communities so that they will be able to grow and prosper. Different people in the country are having different needs and this is the reason due to which the company is serving the 5 divisions to its customers. The range of stakeholders is important for the company as this is the only way left with the company that helps the company in understanding the current issues along with the emerging trends (Carriline, 2008). Westpac is having the range of channels and mechanisms that help the company in collecting and monitoring this feedback across our business. There are some of the stakeholders who contribute to the development of the policy by sharing their feedbacks and issues. The criticism is reflected in the negative feedback of the shareholders towards the business practice. Customers- Westpac track and analysis the feedback shared by the customers through calls, online surveys, and e-mails. The feedback of this shareholder is every important for Westpac as the company is working for the benefit of their customers. Customers shared the issues faced by them in the year 2012 related to the business practice of the company. The customers found the faults in the security and the reliability of the service due to lack of the technology advancement. Westpac practice is not able to fulfill the expectations of some customers in the context of the customer service (Westpac Group, 2012). Employees- The employees of the company shared their feedbacks through suggestion boxes, staff perspectives survey, meetings and campaigns. Employees found downfall in the business practice due to the lack of the leadership practice which leads retention of the employees. To make the business practice successful the managers or leaders of the company have to take correct steps keeping the employees together. Investment community- Westpac take the feedback from the investment community through a formal survey, questions, briefings, or can take the feedback at the time of the Annual General Meetings. In the year 2012, investors found the faults in the management of the impact of the financial crisis. Lack of management of financial crises creates an impact on the amount invested by the investors. Investors expect good returns which are not possible to get if there is lack of management (Westpac Group, 2012). Industry expert- Westpac Company found the criticism from their stakeholders and industry experts. As per the news article was written by a political reporter, ASIC (Australian Securities and Investments Commission) banned an employee of Westpac from offering the financial services for 4 years because he entered false data or information related to the clients health in Westpac life insurance applications. National Australian bank (NBA) has banned employee for giving any expert advice in the industry. The company faced the critics from ASIC and NBA who are known as the industry experts of financial and investment management (Patel, 2016). Environmental analysis PESTLE analysis PESTLE analysis is the strategic tool that helps the Westpac Company in analyzing the factors that can influence the decisions of the company. Political factors The political factors can impact the Westpac profitability in the certain market or country. The company is operating and expanding the business in many countries. Westpac needs to perform the analysis to achieve the success in the countries having a diversified political environment. Westpac needs to analysis the trade regulations and tariffs that are associated with banks globally. Pricing regulations might affect the revenue or profitability of Westpac. Hence, the company needs to analyze the pricing regulatory mechanism for banks in the country where the company is looking to expand the business. There is variation in the legislation such as taxation, wage legislation, work week regulations, employees benefits regulations and many others from country to country (Fern Fort University, 2017). Economic factors Improved business activities can affect the decisions of the bank. The rise in the business activity leads to the non-mining business environment. This results in increased demand for housing loans and new investment in-dwelling. Westpac can find the growth or hike in the investment and deposits by the people. The controlled inflation rate, lowered GDP, and moderate employment growth might force the central bank of Australia to maintain the cash rate at 2.5%. This leads to changes in the decision related to the strategy of banks (Mba Skool.com, 2017). Social factors The social factors include the preference and demand of the customers for the money might vary considering the situation of the country. The increase in the employment-population creates the impact on the customers deposit. In Australia, the labor market is soft and in 2015 at the starting, there was a decline in employed population then the people made use of savings for survival which reduced the profitability of Westpac. The rise in the employee's population increased the number of customer saving accounts and amount in their accounts which results in the increase in the revenue of Westpac (Fern Fort University, 2017). Technological To maintain the confidentiality of customers data is important for banks. Westpac acquires around 11% in Quintessence Labs which is an expert in technology security. The use of technology is increasing in banks and with the use of technology, the Westpac is able to provide the digitalized services to their customers. This strategy helps the bank in winning the trust of customers and result in high revenue (Mba Skool.com, 2017). Environmental factors Westpac has adopted an inclusive approach where the company engages with all the stakeholders include customers, employees and other groups to create a sustainable economy. The bank launched the green bond after partnering with World Bank to safeguard the environment. It borrowed $8 billion for the environmental service sectors for cleanness. The aim of the bank is to maintain the carbon neutrality, recycling and reducing power and paper usage. Legal factors Westpac is dealing with the class action suit for charging high penalties to the household customers for the late credit card payments, increasing credit card limits and making a business deal with inadequate funds in the account. These activities affect the goodwill of the company not only in the home country but also in international countries where the company is operating its business. This results in the decrease in customer trust and revenue (Fern Fort University, 2017). SWOT analysis Strengths One of the leading companies in terms of a number of branches and ATMs in Australia. The bank is second largest lending banking in Australia. Westpac has been defined as worlds most socially responsible banks (Westpac Banking Corporation, 2018). Weaknesses The strategies of the company are not strong to face the high competition in retail banking from other top ranks banks. Opportunities The company is having the license to open its operations in new markets globally. The company is having an opportunity to develop new banking products with the help of high technology and innovation (SWOT PESTLE.com, 2017). Threats Regulatory and credit limit changes are one of leading threats for Westpac. Worsening economy of New Zealand and Australia is a threat to the company as it will affect the bank. Core values of company Supporting our customer-focused strategy is a tough set of company-wide values which are well surrounded by Westpac culture. The core values of the company include: Delighting customers- By deeply understanding customers needs and expectations. One team- Valuing each other and working together to provide best possible outcomes to customers and organizations (Westpac Banking Corporation, 2018). Integrity- Each and every employee in the organization is accountable for their actions, work, honesty and doing the right thing. Courage- Company is having the courage to deal with change because the company think boldly and finding innovative methods of performing work. Achievement- Pursuing team, personal and business excellence. Westpac's organizational leadership shadow The leadership shadow model was created by CEW in association with the Male Champions of Change group. Westpac Leadership shows the action taken by the CEO of the company to drive the gender equity across the organization which reflects the culture of the company. The image shows the leadership shadow of the Westpac Banking Corporation. The CEO of the company believes wants to focus on inclusive leadership development. The company knows the role of investing in management capabilities to support diversity and has identified that there is need of better leadership skills to support and maintain to sustain improved gender diversity. A variety of programs strengthens the link between leadership skills (Smith-Gander, 2017). According to the CEW member, Gender inclusive leaders are generally just the best leaders full stop. None of those great leaders say I am going to lose as a result of this desire to increase the numbers of senior women leaders. Conclusion The report shows the strategic management of the Westpac Banking Corporation. It can be concluded from the report that the strategies formed by the company are for the betterment of the customers and the community. The strategy also helps the company in achieving the vision and mission of the company. Moreover, stakeholders and other people show the criticism of the business practice of the company. The environmental analysis is discussed that can create an impact on the working of the company. The company should try to work on the strategies related to the retail market as it is a weakness of the company. Westpac organization leadership shadow that reflects the organization culture is discussed. References Carriline, A. 2008. Strategy and Performance Management. [Online] Available at https://info.westpac.com.au/annualreport2008/default.aspx?PID=273 [Accessed 11th January 2018]. Fern Fort University, 2017. Westpac Banking Corporation PESTEL Environment Analysis. [Online]. Available at https://fernfortuniversity.com/term-papers/pestel/nyse4/4215-westpac-banking-corporation.php [Accessed 11th January 2018]. Mba Skool.com, 2017. Westpac Banking Group SWOT Analysis, USP Competitors. [Online]. Available at https://www.mbaskool.com/brandguide/banking-and-financial-services/1985-westpac-banking-group.html [Accessed 11th January 2018]. Patel, U., 2016. Westpac, NAB to face grilling as bank inquiry focuses on banned financial advisers. ABC News, 5th October. [News] Available at https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-10-06/banking-hearing-to-focus-on-banned-financial-advisers/7906908 [Accessed 11th January 2018]. Smith-Gander, D., 2017. Westpac. [pdf] Available at https://cew.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/CEW_CaseStudy_Westpac_WebFinal.pdf [Accessed 11th January 2018]. SWOT PESTLE.com, 2017. Westpac SWOT PESTLE. [Online]. Available at https://www.swotandpestle.com/westpac/ [Accessed 11th January 2018]. Westpac Banking Corporation, 2018. About us. [website]. Available at https://www.westpac.com.au/about-westpac/westpac-group/company-overview/about-us/ [Accessed 11th January 2018]. Westpac Banking Corporation, 2018. Our businesses. [website]. Available at https://www.westpac.com.au/about-westpac/westpac-group/company-overview/our-businesses/ [Accessed 11th January 2018]. Westpac Banking Corporation, 2018. Our history. [website]. Available at https://www.westpac.com.au/about-westpac/westpac-group/company-overview/our-history/ [Accessed 11th January 2018]. Westpac Banking Corporation, 2018. Our strategic priorities. [website]. Available at https://www.westpac.com.au/about-westpac/westpac-group/company-overview/our-strategic-priorities/ [Accessed 11th January 2018]. Westpac Banking Corporation, 2018. Our strategy and vision. [website]. Available at https://www.westpac.com.au/about-westpac/westpac-group/company-overview/our-strategy-vision [Accessed 11th January 2018]. Westpac Group, 2012. Westpac Group Annual Review And Sustainability Report 2012. [pdf] Available at https://www.westpac.com.au/docs/pdf/aw/ic/2012_Annual_Review_and_Sustainability_Report.pdf [Accessed 11th January 2018].

The Effectiveness of Alcohol Marketing, Regulation and How It Is Can Protect the Consumer from Fake Products

Introduction This paper discusses the effectiveness of alcohol marketing regulation, and how it can protect the consumer from fake products. This topic draws inspiration from recent events. A twenty one year old student, almost went blind due to the consumption of fake vodka.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Effectiveness of Alcohol Marketing, Regulation and How It Is Can Protect the Consumer from Fake Products specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The vodka consumed was sold to him at a club. This essay seeks to establish how such cases, can be prevented through regulations. To accomplish this, product quality control regulations and marketing regulations must be discussed. The cause of the event is market failure, caused by poor dissemination of information. The popular way of disseminating information to the market is through marketing (Collins et al 2004). Discussion The other instance during which the governme nt may engage regulation, is when the goods produced to cater for the lower income earning market segment, are of questionable quality. The quality of health care, for example, should not differ depending on one’s financial capability. The foodstuffs and any consumable products, must be of satisfactory quality to prevent the outbreak of diseases and epidemics among the citizens. In this case, the government has the duty to ensure that its citizens get quality products by setting benchmarks on the quality of products sold in the market place. These regulations affect the market forces by placing restrictions on the price (Estevao 2005). Generally, the quality of goods and services is directly related to the price. An increase in the quality of a product or service, increases the cost of production. The producer then passes the incremental costs to the consumer, in order to make a profit. Consequently, the quality of a product increases commensurate to the price set on the prod uct. There are specific authorities in each country, in charge of setting the quality standards for the products at the market place, as well as ensuring that the restrictions set by the government are obeyed.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The institution has the mandate to inspect places of work, and production factories, carry out surveys of goods in the market, test and approve the products in the market, and to persecute those found to be in breach of the set regulations (U.S Preventive Services Task Force 2005; Gunther 1980). On a macro-economic level, restrictions affect production of goods and services by existing producing companies. The regulations go deeper to affect the rate of growth in productivity, by affecting the motivation for innovation, consequently interfering with the rate at which new goods and services replace the old (Kaplan 1980). The market failur e due to poor dissemination of information, is clearly evident in the case study. A young student went out to have fun in a club. At the age of twenty one, the student is beyond the legal age limit for alcohol consumers. This means that, this was not the first time drinking, and the student had a favorite brand of vodka. Therefore, there are the following assumptions drawn up from this case: The bar tender may not have been aware that the vodka was fake. The bar tender and student were not aware that there were fake vodka products in the market. The quality control authority was aware but did not disseminate the information. The quality control authority was not aware and did not conduct their regular inspections. According to the story, the fake vodka was in a Smirnoff bottle, and earlier that day, the quality inspector checked the inventory on the counter and found that it was all genuine. The unsuspecting student purchased the vodka and took a third of it. She remained in bed f or a period of two days. The quality regulator cannot say that he had no news of the counterfeit vodka. The story further explains that Sarah’s case was not the first that the hospital casualty section had treated. These events cast doubt on the accountability of the quality control regulator and calls for the development of a marketing regulator. The case was well investigated and the bar tender was charged a fine (Jarvis 1992; Howells Weatherill 2005). Based on the above assumptions, one cannot ignore the importance of having a strong and active regulator. The regulating body must have five qualities for it to work well. The first is that it must have the backing from a legislative authority.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Effectiveness of Alcohol Marketing, Regulation and How It Is Can Protect the Consumer from Fake Products specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This means that the regulator should ha ve support from organizations that have legislative authority. The authority is formed through an act of parliament. In this case, the vodka incident ought to unify the people so that they develop the marketing regulator and the quality regulator, through an act of parliament. However, if these regulators exist, they ought to have an audit done, in order to establish whether they are performing their legislative mandate. In this case, it is likely that the regulator failed to fulfill its legislative mandate. It is thus not in a position to request for public support. The regulator has statutes that limit their powers to exercise judgment and produce solutions The accountability of the regulators must be proficient. However, the regulators are under the act of parliament, and in most cases, they have been found unaccountable. This is because the regulator is accountable to the parliamentarians, who are the same people who control it. If indeed there was a regulator well aware of the fake vodka, it is possible that they hid the information intentionally, so as to protect the interests of a member of the democratic institutions that control it. The value of accountability is remarkably clear (Wasik 1995). The due process receives public merit, when it is transparent, fair, open to all, and easily accessible. In the development of a marketing regulator, the public must ensure that the due process followed has the traits above (Wolfe Laurie 2004). Regulators require expert advice and knowledge before passing a verdict. A balanced decision based on sound knowledge of the situations, will aid in evaluating the best course of action. The case at hand, requires research into the contents of the drink and the possible effects of consuming the fake vodka. The regulator also requires marketing experts, who develop the best methods of informing the public about the difference between the original vodka and the fake vodka.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The quality regulator could require services of expert investigators, who will track down the manufacturers of this counterfeit vodka and other products in the market. The regulator must use the fewest resources possible to achieve the best results. The efficiency of the regulator to perform, is directly related to factors such as the legislative mandate and accountability (Schiantarelli 2005). There is a variety of regulations to choose from, and the first one is self-regulation. This happens when individuals or organizations, which have a common interest, come together to form a body, which is charged with a mandate to control the members. This is witnessed among professional bodies and sports associations. An outstanding example is FIFA. Self-regulation overcomes various challenges encountered in governmental regulation. The regulator enjoys more autonomy and has clear accountability about how it works. The regulator does not hold any immunity to consequences, resulting from not performing its legislative mandate. Self-regulators have a vast pool of experts in their area of relevance. This does well in the performance of its mandate. The participating bodies may agree that each, shall provide experts to work in the regulator, hence securing professionalism. The effect of all the afore mentioned positive aspects of self-regulators, is better than that of the government regulator. In the case at hand, the club owners and bar owners can team up with the alcohol distributors, to form a self-regulator. The purpose of the regulator will involve the regulation of alcohol quality in the clubs and bars. The regulator will be accountable to the participating parties, since it’s there to protect their interests. The organization has a pool of experts to select regulators. This makes the body exceptionally competent and efficient in performing its duty. The efficiency of the regulator will obviously depend on various factors. The main one is the legislative mand ate. The proper mandate gives the regulator power to perform its duties. The aggrieved parties in the case study have another option. They may choose to form enforced self-regulation or Meta regulation. Enforced regulation, involves the subcontracting of the regulator duties to organizations that already have a regulator. The subcontracted duties include making the rules, punishment and correction of those in breach, and keeping watch on compliance. This type of arrangement would do well for the community. The members of the society can join to form a regulator. The main purpose of this regulator is to regularly check on the quality of the consumer products in the market. The duties that the regulator can subcontract include punishing those in breach and research and testing services. This form of regulation by the community is instrumental in preventing the occurrence of adverse incidents. Even though the community regulator is established, the government regulator, despite the sho rtcomings, is still helpful to its citizens. To achieve the best possible results from regulators, organizations must concoct a delicate mix of the institutions and the tools used in regulation. The organizations should identify their tools and then organize them in order of importance or urgency for use. This is called sequencing of instruments. The extraction of the instruments for application ranges from the least effective to the most effective depending on the difficulty of a situation. Complex forms of regulators come up from time to time. There are no rules that prevent the combination of several regulators to create an effect called a network. In fact, the regulatory body for the bars and clubs association, can combine with the community regulator. The two bodies have similar interests and can consequently easily merge into a network. The benefit of this form of the union is evident in the efficiency with which regulation is done. The organizations together, cover a wide ran ge of issues, particularly, market controls and the quality control, for ensuring accountability to the organizations that formed it. In some cases, the self-regulators join hands with the government regulators (Previts 2007; Sherman 2008). The regulators have various qualities. Good market regulation has the following criteria: Backing and support from a legislative body. Good accountability framework. Open, fair and accessible procedures of operation. Experts and professional regulators. Importance and purpose for the regulation. The above criteria, are paramount in setting the benchmarks for a relevant and functional regulator. The regulator must have a means of measuring the quality of regulation, and producing regulatory improvement strategies, bodies and tools (Barrett Herbert 1994). Conclusion The forces of demand and supply, play a vital role in shaping the operations of the market place. The demand for a commodity, determines the eventual production, facilitating pricing choice by the market, and ultimately, passing a strong verdict on the longevity of the products’ demand in the market. In the course of all these, comes competition between the suppliers, who are producing the same product or a substitute for these products. The competition, affected by market forces of demand and supply, go on to lead to the formation many market structures. The manner, in which competitors fight for the clients, ranges from a monopolistic market to an oligopoly. In most cases, the market forces balance out, to the favor of the competitors and suppliers. However, the poor people, end up lacking the ability to obtain these products. The basic needs, such as clean drinking water, food and education, become a preserve of those who have money in society. The country has a solemn duty to protect its members and to ensure that the basic human rights are maintained in accordance to the country’s constitution. When basic amenities are not affordable to a vas t majority in society, the nation is failing to carry out its duty. The leaders, who were selected by the same people who are now suffering, have to intervene. Similarly, competition amongst individuals in the market in which demand and supply work to set the prices of commodities, can lead to the production of cheaper commodities that can be afforded by the majority of low income earning class of society. The bone of contention here, is that the product is the quality of the cheap product. Often, when the market is allowed to run normally, moments happen when the demand outstrips the supply. As a result, the price of commodities in question increases commensurately. The effect of this, is that a big portion of clients, get locked out because they cannot afford to buy this product or service. The products that are often highly demanded by the clients are basic amenities such as food, shelter, clean water, electricity, transport, education, and legal services. Due to the nature of so ciety, a growing population causes increased demand for these products. In the process, they become increasingly expensive. This often causes a large part of the population to miss these vital goods and services. At this point, it is crucial for the government to set some rules governing the market dynamics that concern such products. The government can do this in several ways. However, the most effective is when the producers are not coerced into reducing the prices, but when both the government and the producers are in understanding about the need to set regulations, on the prices of the goods they produce. In many cases, this is by the provision of tax cuts and subsidies to the producers, in a bid to have them reduce prices. Otherwise, the economy suffers from market failure. However, the main reason for many regulations is market failures. There are various rationales behind the reason for market failure. The first one is the monopolies and natural monopolies. The situation in w hich only one producer is producing a specific commodity in the market due to the following factors: The commodity in the market is unique, causing it to lack a substitute commodity. Only one seller is supplying the commodity in the market. There exist barriers to prevent new entrants into the industry, and those in it, already have difficulties getting out. Monopoly causes market failure due to the lack of proper competition. As a result, the public suffer because the industry player can choose to maximize profits at the drop of the hat. The company with monopoly has the ability to control supply and demand forces in the market. When the company chooses to reduce production and raise the price of commodities, income shifts from the consumer to the producer. The solution to this is creation of competition laws, which balance out and control the market by introducing competitors. This solution is especially effective, in resolving natural monopoly. The situation in which the produc tion of a commodity is by one main company, due to the cheap cost of production, is referred to as economies of scale. The establishment of competition law on its own is not enough, and could cause problems in the quality of output. There is thus need to combine this with price and quality control regulations. The regulators set the price of the commodity around the incremental cost to encourage the monopolizing producer to increase production to a certain predetermined level. In effect this mimics the effect of having another competitor in the market. The other market failure is windfall profits. This situation allows a producer to encounter minimal costs through discovering a cheap supply of raw material, or a less costly production process. The other market payers do not have the same advantage and in the process, one producer ends up making more profits that all the others. Regulation takes place when the sudden escalations in profits require to distribution so that the public a lso benefits through taxation. The third market failure is externalities. This occurs when the price of producing a product does not take into account the effects on the society by producing that commodity. This leads to too much consumption. These regulations especially seek to regulate pollution caused by large manufacturing companies. The regulations encourage the producers to factor in the cost of cleaning up pollution caused by them, into the selling price of the commodity. A principle called â€Å"polluter pays†. Information inadequacies are market failures cased when the consumers lack crucial information leading to malfunction of markets. The dissemination of information is especially valuable for the production of food products and medicines. The consumer must remain informed about the side effects of ingesting the product. Companies abscond to do this due to various factors, key being that the cost of researching into the side effects is high. Other market failures include; continuity and availability of service, anti-competitive behavior and predatory pricing, public goods and moral hazard, unequal bargaining power, scarcity and rationing, rationalization and coordination, and poor market planning. References Barrett, S Herbert, V 1994, The Vitamin Pushers: How the â€Å"Health Food† Industry Is  Selling America a Bill of Good, Prometheus Books, New York. Collins, S et al 2004, ‘Wages, health benefits, and workers’ health,’ Commonwealth  Fund Issue Brief, 6 (7), pp. 3-4. Estevao, M 2005, OECD Economic Surveys, OECD Publishers, Luxembourg. Gunther, M 1980, â€Å"Quackery and the media,† In S. Barrett (Ed.), The Health Robbers: How To Protect Your Money and Your Life, George F Stickley Co, Philadelphia. Howells, G G Weatherill, S 2005, Consumer Protection Law, Ashgate Publishing, Farnham. Jarvis, W 1992, ‘Quackery: A national scandal,’ Clinical Chemistry, 38, pp. 1574–1586. Kaplan, N 1 980, ‘Consumer health: The times they are a-changing,’ Health Education,  11(6), p. 3. Previts, G 2007, Research Accounting Regulation, University of Miami, Florida. Schiantarelli, F 2005, Product Market Regulation and Macro-economic Performance, World Bank, Development Research Group, New York. Sherman, R 2008, Market Regulation, Pearson Adson Wesly, New York. U.S Preventive Services Task Force 2005, Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, New York. Wasik, J 1995, ‘Fraud in the funeral industry,’ Consumers Digest 34 (5), 53–59. Wolfe, S Laurie, P 2004, â€Å"Ranking of state medical board serious disciplinary actions in 2002,† HRG, 4(2), pp. 3-4. This essay on The Effectiveness of Alcohol Marketing, Regulation and How It Is Can Protect the Consumer from Fake Products was written and submitted by user Centenn1al to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Childrens Health essays

Childrens Health essays Exercise and proper nutrition are the key to having a health child. Nutrition and exercise are important because it keeps people's bodies - and minds healthy. Without both of these factors, we wouldn't be feeling or looking very good. Actually, there are so many reasons why exercise and good nutrition are good for people at every age, and it's a good time to teach children to develop healthy habits and see why it's cool to be fit! Exercise makes your heart happy and your heart is one hardworking part, pumping blood every day of your life. The heart is a muscle, and it's the strongest muscle in your body - but it's always looking to become even stronger! Since it can't lift weights to get stronger, it relies on you to do aerobic exercise. Aerobic is a fancy word for needing oxygen, and aerobic exercise is any kind of activity that makes your muscles use oxygen. Aerobic exercise is repetitive; meaning it's an activity you do over and over, to keep bringing fresh oxygen to all of your muscles. When you do aerobic exercise and bring in that oxygen, your heart becomes stronger and even a tiny bit bigger. The number of blood cells in your blood increases, so the blood can carry even more oxygen. The blood in your body even moves more easily through the blood vessels. All these things mean that your body works more efficiently to keep you healthy and you can do lots of exercise without getting worn out. It' s a good idea for kids to do some kind of aerobic exercise two or three times a week, for 20 to 30 minutes at a time. It's not hard to do - some excellent aerobic activities are swimming, basketball, ice or roller hockey, jogging (or walking quickly), inline skating, soccer, cross-country skiing, biking, and rowing. Even dancing, skipping, jumping rope, and playing hopscotch are aerobic activities. Exercise makes muscles and all the muscles in your body do a fine job when you use them for easy stuff, like picking up...

The negative effects of milk products on the human body Essay

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Dysfunctional Family as Portrayed in Hollywood Movies Essay

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Advanced Design System

Advanced Design System DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A SINGLE-STUB NOTCH FILTER USING AGILENTS ADVANCE DESIGN SYSTEM (ADSTM) ABSTRACT: The purpose of this case study is to acquire an idea on the design of single-stub notch filters using Agilent advanced design system (ADSTM). By properly calculating the required width, length and insertion loss of the single stub notch filter using ADS one can design a notch filter which can block frequencies not required. In the micro strip layout when wavelength of the stub is , the open circuit of the stub is converted to short circuit and signals along the notch filter are blocked. By adjusting the width and using various functions like line calc the parameters of the filter are calculated and the filter is designed and analysed. Agilent advanced system is an effective software for the analysis of the microwave links. INTRODUCTION: Advanced Design System (ADSTM): Advanced Design System is the industry leader in high-frequency domain design. It supports electronic systems and RF design engineers developing all types of RF designs, from simple to the most complex, from RF or microwave modules to be integrated MMICs for communications and aerospace/defense applications. ADS is With a complete set of simulation technologies ranging from frequency, time, numeric and physical domain simulation to electromagnetic field simulation, ADS lets designers fully characterize and optimize designs. The single, integrated design, GUI graphical user interface environment provides system, circuit, and electromagnetic simulators, along with schematic capture, layout, and verification capability eliminating the starts and stops associated with changing design tools in mid-cycle. ADS can be used for virtual prototyping, debugging, or as an aid in manufacturing test. To enhance engineering productivity and shorten time-to-market, ADS software offers a high level of design automation and applications intelligence. This proven software environment is easily extensible: we can customize ADS by adding features focused on your particular application needs. An AD runs on PCs and workstations, with complete file compatibility between platforms and across networks. [8] Advanced Design Systemis a powerful electronic design automation software used by leading companies in the wireless communication networking and aerospace defence industries. For WiMAXâ„ ¢, LTE, multi-gigabit per second data links, radar, satellite applications, ADS provides full, standards-based design and verification with Wireless Libraries and circuit-system-EM co-simulation in an integrated platform. Key Benefits of ADS  · Complete, integrated set of fast, accurate and easy-to-use system, circuit EM simulators enable first-pass design success in a complete desktop flow.  · Application-specific Design Guides encapsulate years of expertise in an easy-to-use interface. Components used in (ADSTM) system Term (Port Impedance for S-parameters): Parameters: Name Description Units Default Num Port number Integer 1 Z Reference impedance, use 1+j*0 for complex Ohm 50 Noise Enable/disable port thermal noise: yes, no (for AC or harmonic balance analysis only; not for S-parameter analysis) None yes V(DC) Open circuit DC voltage None None Temp Temperature oC None Table1: Parameters of Term Note: ‘Term can be used in all simulations. For S-parameter simulations it is used to define the impedance and location of the ports. When not in use, it is treated as an impedance with the value R + JX. The reactance is ignored for dc simulations. MLOC (Micro strip Open-Circuited Stub): MLOC symbol MLOC Illustration Parameters: Name Description Units Default Subst Substrate instance name None MSub1 W Line width mil 25.0 L Line length mil 100.0 Wall1 Distance from near edge of strip H to first sidewall; Wall1 > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum( W, H) mil 1.0e+30 Wall2 Distance from near edge of strip H to second sidewall; Wall2 > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum( W, H) mil 1.0e+30 Temp Physical temperature (see Notes)  °C None Mod Choice of dispersion model None Kirschning Table 2: Parameters of MLOC Range of Usage: 1≠¤Er ≠¤128 ; 0.01 ≠¤ ≠¤ 100 Where, Er = dielectric constant (from associated Subst) H = substrate thickness (from associated Subst) Recommended Range for different dispersion models Kirschning and Jansen: 1≠¤Er ≠¤20; 0.1Ãâ€"H≠¤W ≠¤100Ãâ€"H Kobayashi: 1 ≠¤Er ≠¤128; 0.1Ãâ€"H ≠¤ W ≠¤10Ãâ€"H; 0 ≠¤H≠¤0.13Ãâ€"ÃŽ » Yamashita: 2 ≠¤Er ≠¤16; 0.05Ãâ€"H ≠¤W ≠¤16Ãâ€"H Where, ÃŽ »= wavelength; freq ≠¤ 100 GHz Notes and Equations : 1. The frequency-domain analytical model uses the Kirschning and Jansen formula to calculate the static impedance, Zo, and effective dielectric constant, Eeff. The attenuation factor, ÃŽ ±, is calculated using the incremental inductance rule by Wheeler. The frequency dependence of the skin effect is included in the conductor loss calculation. Dielectric loss is also included in the loss calculation. 2. Dispersion effects are included using either the improved version of the Kirschning and Jansen model, the Kobayashi model, or the Yamashita model, depending on the choice specified in Mod. The program defaults to using the Kirschning and Jansen formula. 3. For time-domain analysis, an impulse response obtained from the frequency analytical model is used. 4. The Temp parameter is only used in noise calculations. 5. For noise to be generated, the transmission line must be lossy (loss generates thermal noise). 6. To turn off noise contribution, set Temp to −273.15 °C. 7. When the Hu parameter of the substrate is less than 100Ãâ€"H, the enclosure effect will not be properly calculated if Wall1 and Wall2 are left blank. 8. Wall1 and Wall2 must satisfy the following constraints: Min(Wall1) > 1/2Ãâ€"Maximum(W, H) Min(Wall2) > 1/2Ãâ€"Maximum(W, H) MLIN (Micro strip Line): MLIN symbol MLIN Illustration Parameters: Name Description Units Default Subst Substrate instance name None MSub1 W Line width mil 25.0 L Line length mil 100.0 Wall1 Distance from near edge of strip H to first sidewall; Wall1 > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum( W, H) mil 1.0e+30 Wall2 Distance from near edge of strip H to second sidewall; Wall2 > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum( W, H) mil 1.0e+30 Temp Physical temperature (see Notes)  °C None Mod Choice of dispersion model None Kirschning Table 3: Parameters of MLIN Range of Usage: 1 ≠¤ ER ≠¤ 128; 0.01 ≠¤ ≠¤ 100 Where, ER = dielectric constant (from associated Subst) H = substrate thickness (from associated Subst) Recommended Range for different dispersion models Kirschning and Jansen: 1 ≠¤ Er ≠¤ 20; 0.1 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W ≠¤ 100 Ãâ€" H Kobayashi: 1 ≠¤ Er ≠¤ 128; 0.1 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W ≠¤ 10 Ãâ€" H; 0 ≠¤ H ≠¤ 0.13 Ãâ€" ÃŽ » Yamashita: 2 ≠¤ Er ≠¤ 16; 0.05 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W ≠¤ 16 Ãâ€" H Where ÃŽ »= wavelength; freq ≠¤ 100 GHz Notes and Equations: 1. The frequency-domain analytical model uses the Hammerstad and Jensen formula to calculate the static impedance, Zo, and effective dielectric constant, Εeff. The attenuation factor, ÃŽ ±, is calculated using the incremental inductance rule by Wheeler. The frequency dependence of the skin effect is included in the conductor loss calculation. Dielectric loss is also included in the loss calculation. 2. Dispersion effects are included using either the improved version of the Kirschning and Jansen model, the Kobayashi model, or the Yamashita model, depending on the choice specified in Mod. The program defaults to using the Kirschning and Jansen formula. 3. For time-domain analysis, an impulse response obtained from the frequency analytical model is used. 4. The Temp parameter is only used in noise calculations. 5. For noise to be generated, the transmission line must be lossy (loss generates thermal noise). 6. To turn off noise contribution, set Temp to −273.15 °C. 7. When the Hu parameter of the substrate is less than 100 Ãâ€" H, the enclosure effect will not be properly calculated if Wall1 and Wall2 are left blank. 8. Wall1 and Wall2 must satisfy the following constraints: Min(Wall1) > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum(W, H) Min(Wall2) > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum(W, H) MTEE (Microstrip T-Junction): MTEE symbol MTEE Illustration Parameters: Name Description Units Subst Microstrip substrate name None W1 Conductor width at pin 1 Mil W2 Conductor width at pin 2 Mil W3 Conductor width at pin 3 Mil Temp Physical temperature  °C Table 4: Parameters of MTEE Range of Usage: 0.05 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W1 ≠¤ 10 Ãâ€" H; 0.05 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W2 ≠¤ 10 Ãâ€" H; 0.05 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W3 ≠¤ 10 Ãâ€" H Er ≠¤ 20 Wlargest/Wsmallest≠¤ 5 where Wlargest, Wsmallest are the largest, smallest width among W2, W2, W3 f(GHz) Ãâ€" H (mm) ≠¤ 0.4 Ãâ€" Z0 Z0 is the characteristic impedance of the line with Wlargest Notes and Equations: 1. The frequency-domain model is an empirically based, analytical model. The model modifies E. Hammerstad model formula to calculate the Tee junction discontinuity at the location defined in the reference for wide range validity. A reference plan shift is added to each of the ports to make the reference planes consistent with the layout. 2. The center lines of the strips connected to pins 1 and 2 are assumed to be aligned. 3. For time-domain analysis, an impulse response obtained from the frequency-domain analytical model is used. 4. The Temp parameter is only used in noise calculations. 5. For noise to be generated, the transmission line must be lossy (loss generates thermal noise). Single-stub notch filter: In Radio Communication Systems, undesired harmonics are generated. A micro strip notch filters undesired harmonics in a narrow band device like a mobile phone. A Notch filter is a device that passes all frequencies except those in a stop band centred on a centre frequency. The quality factor plays a major role in eliminating the frequencies undesired. Quality factor (Q) of a band pass or notch filter is defined as the centre frequency of a filter divided by the bandwidth. Where, bandwidth is the difference between frequency of the upper 3dB roll off point and frequency of the lower 3dB roll off point. TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY: place to another for directing the transmission of energy, such as electromagnetic waves or acoustic waves, as well as electric power transmission. Components of transmission lines include wires, coaxial cables, dielectric slabs, optical fibres, electric power lines, and waveguides. Consider the micro strip layout of a notch filter, In the designing of the micro-strip circuits (i.e. filters), the basic parameters are impedance Z0 and guide wavelength ÃŽ »g which are considered as TEM transmission line. The impedance in the open circuit stub Zin is as given below, Zin = ZS} Where ZL=∞, so we ignore ZS Zin = ZS} = ZS { } = ZS { } = j ZS cot ÃŽ ² l However, l = , ÃŽ ² l = = Therefore, cot ÃŽ ² l=0 So, Zin = -j ZS cot ÃŽ ² l=0 hence â”Å'L = = ∞/∞ = 1 so VSWR = = 2/0 = This indicates that the signal whose wavelength is will have very low impedance and hence it is a short circuit Thus Insertion loss response at frequency f0 is high except for other frequencies, this is because cot ÃŽ ² l is no longer zero. Insertion loss and return loss are two important data to evaluate the quality of many passive fiber optic components, such as fiber optic patch cord and fiber optic connector and many more. Insertion loss: Definition The Insertion Loss of a line is the ratio of the power received at the end of the line to the power transmitted into the line. Insertion loss refers to the fibre optic light loss caused when a fibre optic component insert into another one to form the fibre optic link. Insertion loss can result from absorption, misalignment or air gap between the fibre optic components. We want the insertion loss to be as less as possible. Our fibre optic components insertion loss is less than 0.2dB typical, less than 0.1dB types available on request. An expression for insertion loss is IL= 10log10 [1 +(YS/2)2] Return loss: Return Loss is a measure of the reflected energy from a transmitted signal. It is commonly expressed in positive dBs. The larger the value, the less energy that is reflected. Return loss can be calculated using the following equation: IMPRLT10.gif (1294 bytes) Return loss is a measure of VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio), expressed in decibels (db). The return-loss is caused due to impedance mismatch between two or more circuits. For a simple cable assembly, there will be a mismatch where the connector is connected to the cable. There may be an impedance mismatch caused by bends or cuts in a cable. At microwave frequencies, the material properties as well as the dimensions of the cable or connector plays important role in determining the impedance match or mismatch. A high value of return-loss denotes better quality of the system under test (or device under test). For example, a cable with a return loss of 21 db is better than another similar cable with a return loss of 14 db, and so on. Phase Response of the notch filter: The phase response of a notch filter shows the greatest rate of change at the centre frequency. The rate of change becomes more rapid as the Q of the filter increases. The group delay of a notch filter is greatest at the centre frequency, and becomes longer as the Q of the filter increases. EXPERIMENT SUB PARTS CASE-STUDY PART 1: Aim: Designing and simulation of a notch filter at 3 GHz using Agilents ADSTM for the given design specifications. Requirement: Electrical performance: Centre frequency: 3.0 GHz Insertion loss: >25.0 dB Input/output Impedance: 50 ÃŽ © Substrate specifications: Material type: 3M Cu-clad Dielectric constant (ÃŽ µr): 2.17 Thickness (h): 0.794mm Conductor thickness (t): 35um Conductivity (ÏÆ'): 5.84e+7 S/m tanÃŽ ´: 0.0009 MLIN, MLOC and MTEE are micro strip elements defined in ADSTM which is used to construct the circuit Explanation: We need to simulate and design a notch filter at 3 GHz here, using Agilents ADS. When the above specifications are used in ADS, the width of the microstrip lines is obtained as 2.42mm corresponding to 50 ohms transmission line using Line calc function. The Line Calc function is also used to determine the effective dielectric constant (Keff) of 3M Cu-clad Substrate at 3.0GHZ from which the initial, length of the open circuit stub can be calculated. ÃŽ µr = 2.1 Keff = 1.854 at 3.0GHZ (from line calc) , ÃŽ »0 = 100 m (at 3.0 GHZ) ÃŽ »g = ÃŽ »0 /(Keff)1/2 = 100/(1.854)1/2 =73.44mm; ÃŽ »g/4 =18.36 mm The initial design length of the open circuit stub is 18.354 mm. Thus we obtain the following substrate specifications at Centre frequency: 3.0 GHz, Insertion loss: greater than 25.0 dB and Input/output Impedance: Material type: 3M Cu-Clad, Dielectric constant (ÃŽ µr): 2.17, Thickness (h): 0.794m, Conductor thickness (t): 35um, Conductivity (ÏÆ'): 5.84e+7 S/m, taná ¶ ¿=0.0009, l = 18.36mm W(Width of the micro strip lines)=2.42mm From these specifications we obtain the plot of Insertion Loss Response(S21) indicating about 49.234 dB attenuation near 3 GHz which is shown in 8 To observe the effect of varying the length of the open circuit stub , the same procedure of simulation is repeated twice or thrice with different values of length of open circuit stub given as follows L1=20, L2=18.34, L3=16.As we can see in the 9 that as the length of open stub increases the frequency decreases. As the length of open stub must be ÃŽ »g/4 and so the 50ÃŽ © micro strip line is blocked and hence the signal is passed and if there is change in the length then the micro strip is not blocked hence the signal is blocked. Analysis of the case study 1: From the case study1, it proves that at wavelength ÃŽ »g/4 the open circuit at point S of the stub is transformed to short circuit and the signals passing along AB micro strip is blocked. Thus we design a filter at 3 GHz frequency. When the wavelength is ÃŽ »g/4 the signal will see very low impedance to ground at point S and hence is short circuited. This signal will be absorbed from the signals applied at input A, which will manifest high attenuation in its insertion loss at 3GHz.All other signals remain unaffected, hence low insertion loss accept near 3GHz. CASE-STUDY PART 2: Aim: Using the ADSTM Tuning facility, investigate the effect of varying the width of the stub filter. Determine the width of line which provides minimum out of band loss whilst maintaining the original filter specifications (i.e.>25 db at 3.0 GHz) Requirement: Electrical performance: Centre frequency: 3.0 GHz Insertion loss: >25.0 dB Input/output Impedance: 50 ÃŽ © Substrate specifications: Material type: 3M Cu-clad Dielectric constant (ÃŽ µr): 2.17 Thickness (h): 0.794mm Conductor thickness (t): 35um Conductivity (ÏÆ'): 5.84e+7 S/m tanÃŽ ´: 0.0009 CS2 10: Circuit Diagram of Stub Notch filter obtained by ADS Simulation Explanation: When the width of the stub is 5mm and length is 18.8mm the response obtained is as shown below Now we vary the width of the stub to investigate the effect. . In this process the width of the stub filter is changed at different values from w1=5mm, w2=2.5mm, w3=2mm, w4=1mm, w5=0.2mm as shown in 12. Here we also note that when varying the width of line, both the width of the stub line and corresponding width on the MTEE section must is varied. After varying the width using tuning fork function of the ADS facility we obtain a response at 3GHz and width is noted as 0.2mm.The 13 shows the following. Analysis of case study 2: The width of the line determines its impedance. If the impedance is high thinner the line and viceversa.When the width of the i/o transmission line is equivalent to the width of the stub then Insertion loss is at 0Db and when width of the i/o transmission line is greater than the width of the stub then Insertion loss tends to 0Db. In the above case thus we vary the width of the stub and transmission line and when centre frequency is 3 GHz and the width is 0.2mm the insertion loss is very low. Lower the insertion loss more is the signal transmitted. CASE- STUDY PART 3: Aim To design a notch filter at centre frequency of 4.5GHZ and it should cancel the spurious signal and unwanted harmonics by at least 24db with minimum out of band loss with the specifications given below Requirement: Electrical specifications: Centre frequency: 4.5 GHz Insertion loss: >25.0 dB Input/output Impedance: 50 ÃŽ © Substrate specifications: Material type: 3M Cu-clad Dielectric constant (ÃŽ µr): 2.17 Thickness (h): 0.794mm Conductor thickness (t): 35um Conductivity (ÏÆ'): 5.84e+7 S/m tanÃŽ ´: 0.0009 Explanation: In the responses shown below we have obtained the 24 dB difference by adjusting the frequency at 4.5 GHz. In CS3 14 the length and width are adjusted to obtain the particular response Analysis of case study 3: In case study 3 we understand the way of designing a notch filter to cancel the spurious signals generated by wireless communication systems. CONCLUSION: This case study helps us analyse the notch filter. The notch filter is designed and its basics and working are understood. The tool ADS proves very effective in this learning. To conclude, this experiment gives us a broader knowledge about transmission theory. The concept is deeply understood. In wireless communications the unwanted harmonics and spurious signals generated are cancelled by this notch filter enabling a better reception. Thus designing of such a notch filter is learnt.

Meghans rough draft Essay -- Essays Papers

Meghan's rough draft For the past fifty years or so, Americans have had the great fortune of living safely in a relatively peaceful world. That perspective changed the moment a commercial airplane slammed into the World Trade Center on the morning of September 11th. Terrorists killed over 6,000 American citizens within a few hours. Suddenly, life as America knew it changed. Many stood in disbelief when they saw the joyous reactions of people cheering on the streets of Palestine. Our nation came to realize that we were truly hated, and that terrorist regimes rejoiced in our pain. The leader of one such a regime, Osama bin Laden, became America's clearly defined worst enemy. A war has begun between bin Laden and his terrorist followers, and all people who believe in freedom. Osama Bin Laden and the terrorists were unjustified in attacking America, and cannot rationally legitimize their actions. Evidence of this, as well as a better understanding of their reasoning, can be found through examination of Presi dent Bush's speech to the nation given on September 20th, and through examining additional information on Osama and his terrorist followers. It was the heavy influence of Islamic extremism at an early age, as well as his personal experiences fighting jihad, or holy war, that prompted Osama bin Laden to become a terrorist. During his speech, President Bush identified a terrorist regime named Al Qaeda as being responsible for the attacks, and said "a person named Osama bin Laden " (Bush, par. 16) was the leader of the group. Osama bin Laden was born in 1957 as one of fifty-some children sired by his father Mohammed Awad bin Laden. Due to his father's royal connections and construction business, his family had quite a bit of m... .... 2001. <http://www.msnbc.com/news/639057.asp> Zakaria, Fareed. "Islam and the West." Online posting. 12 Oct. 2001. Newsweek Live Talk. 15 Oct. 2001. <http://www.msnbc.com/m/nw/talk/talk.asp?lt=101201_islam> Miller, John. "Greetings, America. My Name Is Osama Bin Laden" Esquire. 1 Feb. 1999. Frontline. 2001. 15 Oct. 2001. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/who/miller.html> Doe, John. "A Biography of Osama bin Laden." Frontline. 15 Oct. 2001. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/who/bio.html> Doe, John. "Osama Bin Laden vs. the U.S.: Edicts and Statements." Frontline. 15 Oct. <2001. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/who/edicts.html> Bush, George. "President Bush's Speech to the Nation September 20, 2001." 20 Sept. <2001. http://www.u.arizona.edu/~wendres/docs/bush_sept20.html>

Effects of Domestic Violence on Children Essay

Domestic violence is a devastating social problem that impacts every segment of the population. While system responses are primarily targeted toward adult victims of abuse, increased attention is now being focused on the children who witness domestic violence. Studies estimate that 10 to 20 percent of children are at risk for exposure to domestic violence (Carlson, 2000). These findings translate into approximately 3.3 to 10 million children who witness the abuse of a parent or adult caregiver each year (Carlson, 1984; Straus and Gelles, 1990). Research also indicates children exposed to domestic violence are at an increased risk of being abused or neglected. A majority of studies reveal there are adult and child victims in 30 to 60 percent of families experiencing domestic violence (Appel and Holden, 1998; Edleson, 1999; Jaffe and Wolfe, 1990). The main focus of the study is to look at the impacts of domestic violence on the upbringing and well-fare of children who find themselves in homes and families were domestic violence is predominant taking into consideration that children in homes where domestic violence occurs may â€Å"indirectly† receive injuries. They may be hurt when household items are thrown or weapons are used. Infants may be injured if being held by the mother when the batterer strikes out; also, many children in homes where domestic violence occurs have difficulties in school, including problems with concentration, poor academic performance, difficulty with peer interactions, and more absences from school. More so, children may become withdrawn, non-verbal, and exhibit regressed behaviors such as clinging and whining. Eating and sleeping difficulty, concentration problems, generalized anxiety, and physical complaints (such as headaches) are all common. Finally, through violence in the home, children may suffer emotional and psychological damage. The very young may show physical signs of distress such as bedwetting, stomach-aches and disturbed sleep. Older children can become withdrawn or exhibit extreme behaviour, such as misusing alcohol or drugs. Therefore, the type of research to be used for the above topic will be the â€Å"descriptive and analytical research† this is because one has to only describe what is has happened or is happening concerning a particular situation and with regards to analytical research, the methods of research utilized in descriptive research are survey methods of all kinds, including comparative and correlational methods. In analytical research, on the other hand, the researcher has to use facts or information already available, and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material. The research seeks to know if there is a direct impact on children’s well-being as a result of domestic violence from their parents, guardians and other family relatives. Specific objectives †¢ To know the behavioral, social, and emotional problems faced by children who find themselves in homes were domestic violence is recurrent. †¢ to know the value parents attach to the psychological well-being of their children †¢ To examine platforms to sensitize and educate parents and guardians on the need to avoid acts of domestic violence in the presence of their children. Parents are the most important social agents on children’s upbringing, care and control. They are directly involved with their well-being as well as the sound state of mind at all times. Domestic violence therefore affects children. All children are affected emotionally by witnessing violence. Children who witness regular acts of domestic violence have greater emotional and behavioral problems than other children. Some of the immediate effects may include nightmares, anxiety, withdrawal and bedwetting. (Aron, L. Y. and Olson, K. K. 1997) Believe the historical inequality of women and gender socialization of females and males contribute to the root causes of domestic violence. Until the 1970’s, women who were raped or suffered violence in their homes had no formal place to go for help or support. Shelters and services for victims of domestic violence did not exist and there was little, if any, response from criminal or civil courts, law enforcement, hospitals, and social service agencies. Society and its formal institutions viewed domestic violence as a â€Å"private matter.† In Cameroon it is estimated that more than three women a day are murdered by their husbands or boyfriends and women experience two million injuries from intimate partner violence each year. Many of these women are mothers who often go to great and courageous lengths to protect their children from abusive partners. In fact, research has shown that the non-abusing parent is often the strongest protective factor in the lives of children who are exposed to domestic violence. However, growing up in a violent home may be a terrifying and traumatic experience that can affect every aspect of a child’s life, growth and development. In spite of this, we know that when properly identified and addressed, the effects of domestic violence on children can be mitigated. (Henriette Ekwe Ebongo 2011) Studies have shown that more than 700 children live in families in which partner violence occurred at least once in the past year, and 500 children live in families in which severe partner violence occurred. It is also estimated that; for every hour, as many as 115 children are abused, 90% of children from violent homes witness their fathers beating their mothers, 63% of all boys, age 11-20, who commit murder, kill the man who was abusing their mother, Daughters of abused women are six times more likely to be sexually abused as girls from non-abusive families, Child victims of severe violence have two to four times higher rates of trouble-making friends, temper tantrums, failing grades in school, having problems in school and at home and finally, Children in homes where violence occurs are physically abused or neglected at. a rate 1500% Children’s risk levels and reactions to domestic violence exist on a continuum where some children demonstrate enormous resiliency while others show signs of significant maladaptive adjustment (Carlson, 2000; Edleson, 1999; Hughes, Graham-Bermann & Gruber, 2001). Protective factors, such as social competence, intelligence, high self-esteem, outgoing temperament, strong sibling and peer relationships, and a supportive relationship with an adult, can help protect children from the adverse affects of exposure to domestic violence. Many theories have existed over time to attempt to grasp the reasons for domestic violence in human society. This analysis of violence ranges from the macro level (wars, government, repression, etc) to acts between the couple and the individual. Such efforts to define violence, particularly partner violence which integrates complex interrelations of gender and sexuality need to be investigated within the context of their respective societies. Here are two examples of theories that have been used to explain the effects of domestic violence. 1. Feminist Theory There are many different ideas within feminist theory of domestic violence, but in Feminist Perspectives on Wife Abuse they have identified four common strains. These are:- 1 that as the dominant class, men have differential access to material and symbolic resources and women are devalued as secondary and inferior 2 intimate partner abuse is a predictable and common dimension of normal family life 3 women’s experiences are often defined as inferior because male domination influences all aspects of life 4 the feminist perspective is dedicated to advocacy for women. 2. Traumatic Bonding Theory: This theory seeks to explain why women remain with men who beat them. Two features have been recognized: the existence of a power imbalance within the relationship, so that the batterer perceives him or herself as dominating the other, and the intermittent nature of the abuse. This theory postulates that as these power relationships polarize over time, the powerless individual in the relationship becomes increasingly dependent on the dominator. In addition, moments in between abuse are times when positive displays of love and affection cement the legitimacy of the relationship.